Methods and systems for providing Web applications

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems consistent with certain disclosed embodiments provide applications. In one embodiment, a system is disclosed that provides applications. The system may include a computer system that receives a request related to an application and a database system. The database system may include a database and an application server module and a framework of software modules logically arranged to provide controlled access to data in the database. The application server module may use the data to generate content to generate a Web page related to the application. Further, the software modules may be logically arranged in layers such that access to data or software in a software module of one layer is performed by executing software in another software module of another layer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

I. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to distributed systems thatimplement application services and, more particularly, relates tosystems, methods, and articles of manufacture for dynamically providingapplication services in a distributed system.

II. Background and Material Information

The continued growth of networked systems, such as the Internet, andtheir use for communicating and performing multiple tasks, has spawnedmany software and hardware architectures and solutions that helpenterprises conduct business in a global market. Many forms ofdistributed systems have been designed to address performance,scalability, and reliability issues inherent in remotely connectedenvironments. One type of distributed system that emerged to overcomelimitations of earlier systems is the three-tier architecture. The threetier architecture is a popular system arrangement that implements amiddle tier server between client and server tiers. The middle tierprovides process management services where enterprise business logic andrules, and process monitoring and development may be executed to handlerequests from many distributed users operating at the client tier. Theserver tier is designed to handle database management tasks, such asfile and data services for assisting the middle tier in deliveringrequesting information to the client tier. In some conventional systems,the middle tier may be separated into further layers for handling clientrequests received across distributed networks, such as the Internet. Insuch configurations, some three-tier architectures become a multi-layerarchitecture, where a Web server may be positioned as an intermediatelayer between the client tier and the process management components ofthe middle tier. The Web server may be configured to receive requestsfrom the Internet clients and generate Web pages with, for example,HyperText Mark-Up Language (HTML), using application services providedby the process management business logic.

While conventional distributed systems, such as the three tierarchitecture provides global enterprises with efficient and flexiblesolutions for providing shared resources to multiple clients, there aresome drawbacks to their design and implementation. For example, in someenvironments the three tier architecture promotes disjointed design anddevelopment that results in inefficiencies when developing andimplementing new applications for use in the system. Differentdevelopers work on different aspects of the architecture; databaseexperts work on the database system, Web service developers work onapplication services in the middle tier, etc. Personnel associated withone tier may not be knowledgeable in the development and operations ofanother tier, which may result in a disconnect between the tiers.Further, by allowing a Web server to perform Web page and applicationcreation, systems may lose control over certain information and howcontent is created, and possibly expose proprietary information tounauthorized access. Moreover, the number of communications between theserver tier and the database tier to process client requests, and thetype of code and infrastructure implemented by an enterprise maydetrimentally affect the bandwidth and other network performances.

Article I. Accordingly, there is a need for a distributed system thatprovides the benefits of a three tier architecture while minimizing thepotential problems of such an architecture in order to provideefficient, reliable, and secure applications for development anddistribution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The disclosed embodiments provide, among other things, improved methods,systems, and articles of manufacture for providing application servicesin a distributed environment.

In one embodiment consistent with certain aspects the present invention,a system is disclosed that provides applications. The system may includea computer system that receives a request related to an application anda database system. The database system may include a database and anapplication server module and a framework of software modules logicallyarranged to provide controlled access to data in the database. Theapplication server module may use the data to generate content togenerate a Web page related to the application. Further, the softwaremodules may be logically arranged in layers such that access to data orsoftware in a software module of one layer is performed by executingsoftware in another software module of another layer.

In another embodiment, a system is disclosed for providing Webapplications. The system may include a client configured to provide arequest related to a Web application, a server configured to operate asan interface to receive the request related to the Web application andforward the request, and a database system configured to receive therequest for the Web application from the server. The database system mayinclude a database system module and an application server module. Thedatabase system module may be configured to perform database processesfor processing database commands for accessing and manipulating datastored in a database. The application server module may be configured toperform application server processes that authenticate the request fromthe client related to the Web application. Further, application servermodule may issue one or more requests to the database system module forspecific data for building a Web page associated with the requested Webapplication, build the Web page based on the specific data, and send thebuilt Web page to the server for delivery to the server.

In another embodiment, a system is disclosed for providing Webapplications that may include a developer configured to provide arequest related to a Web application and a database system configured toreceive the request for the Web application from the developer. Thedatabase system may include a database system module configured toperform database processes for processing database commands foraccessing and manipulating data stored in a database. The databasesystem may also include an application server module configured toperform application server processes that authenticate the request fromthe developer related to the Web application. The application servermodule may also issue one or more requests to the database system modulefor specific data used by the developer to create information for a Webpage associated with the requested Web application, and to build the Webpage based on the created information.

In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for providing Webapplications. The method may include receiving a request related to aWeb application and forwarding the request to a database systemconfigured with a database system module. The database system module mayinclude a database system module configured to perform databaseprocesses for processing database commands for accessing data stored ina database, and an application server module including a framework ofsoftware modules logically configured in layers. The method may furtherinclude requesting, by a first layer of the framework, authentication ofthe request and determining, by a second layer of the framework, whetherthe request is valid based on the request from the first layer.Additionally, the method may include retrieving, by the second layer,specific data from a third layer of the framework that is used togenerate information related to the requested Web application. Further,the method may include generating, by the second layer, a documentrelated to the Web application based on the generated information,providing, by the second layer, the generated document to the firstlayer, and providing, by the first layer, the generated document.

In another embodiment, a system is disclosed for providing Webapplications including a database system that receives a request from auser related to a Web application and is configured with a databasesystem module including a database system module configured to performdatabase processes for processing database commands for accessing datastored in a database. The database system may also include anapplication server module including a framework of software moduleslogically configured in layers. In one embodiment, the framework mayinclude a first layer that authenticates the request by executingsoftware on a second layer of the framework. The second layer may beconfigured to retrieve specific data from a third layer of the frameworkthat is used to generate information related to the Web application.Moreover, the second layer may be configured to generate a documentrelated to the Web application based on the generated information, andprovide the generated document to the first layer. Further, the firstlayer may be configured to provide the generated document to the user.

In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for providing Webapplications. The method may include receiving a request to provide anapplication and creating an application software package in anapplication server component. The application server component may beassociated with (i) an application layer of a framework that isconfigured to provide software components that, when executed by aprocessor, perform processes for accessing predetermined Webapplications and building a first type of Web applications, and (ii) acore layer of the framework that is configured to provide softwarecomponents that, when executed by a processor, perform processes forproviding a second type of Web application software that is secured frommodification and accessible by authorized application layer softwarecomponents to assist in building the first type of Web applications. Themethod may also include creating a reference to the applicationrendering package in a security component associated with theapplication layer of the framework. Further, the method may includecreating a database software package that is configured to, whenexecuted by a processor, perform one or more database managementcommands for accessing a database, and at least one database table,wherein the database software package is created in a database componentassociated with the application layer and core layer of the framework.Also, the method may include creating a reference to the databasesoftware package in the application server component and assigning oneor more privileges to the application. Additionally, the method mayinclude assigning one or more Web pages that are related to theapplication, and assigning one or more privileges to one or more datafields associated with the application that control access to the one ormore data fields.

In another embodiment, a framework associated with a database system isdisclosed for providing Web applications. The framework may include anapplication layer configured to provide software components that, whenexecuted by a processor, perform processes for accessing predeterminedWeb applications and building a first type of Web applications. Theapplication layer may include a security software component thatprovides front-end security processes for authenticating requestsrelated to Web applications maintained by the framework. Further, theapplication layer may include an application server component thatprovides application server functions for building Web applications inresponse to the requests authenticated by the security softwarecomponent. The application layer may also include a database softwarecomponent that provides back-end database access and manipulationprocesses for providing data stored in a database and used by theapplication server software component in building the Web applications.The framework may also include a core layer configured to providesoftware components that, when executed by a processor, performprocesses for providing a second type of Web application software thatis secured from modification and accessible by authorized applicationlayer software components to assist in building the first type of Webapplications. In one embodiment, the core layer may include a coreapplication server component including secure software packages forgenerating data fields in the Web application being built by theapplication server component. The core layer may also include a coredata component including secure software packages for accessing securedata stored in the database. In one embodiment, the security componentmay also be included in a security layer, the application servercomponent and core application server component may be included in a Webapplication layer. The database component and core data component mayalso be included in a database table layer of the framework.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the invention, as described. Further featuresand/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein.For example, the disclosed embodiments may be directed to variouscombinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/orcombinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosedbelow in the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate various embodiments and aspectsof the present invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system environment for implementingcertain embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a framework consistent withcertain disclosed embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary application serviceprovision process consistent with certain disclosed embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary application servicegeneration process consistent with certain disclosed embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process for providing Webapplications consistent with certain disclosed embodiments of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 6 illustrates another block diagram of a framework consistent withcertain disclosed embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with certainaspects of the present invention provide a multi-tier distributed systemthat allows a database system to provide both database and applicationserver functionalities that, for example, determine locally the type ofinformation (e.g., data, content, etc.) used for creating a Webapplication based on user privileges processed at the database system.Further, certain disclosed embodiments provide a unique framework thatincludes multiple layers of software components that individually and/orcollectively perform processes for building, developing and providingWeb applications.

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be usedthroughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system environment 100, in which certainembodiments and features of the invention may be implemented. In oneembodiment, environment 100 is a distributed system that providesresource and information sharing between one or more clients and aserver system. In this example, system environment 100 includes one ormore clients 102, one or more servers 104, and one or more databasesystems 106 interconnected by network 103. In another embodiment, systemenvironment may include one or more developers 120.

Client 102 may be one or more computer systems configured to sendrequests for information (e.g., content, application, data, programcode, etc.) and receive responses to the requests via network 103. Forexample, client 102 may be a desktop PC, a laptop PC, a PDA, a cellphone devices, or any other processor, computer, or device (or groupthereof) capable of requesting and receiving information over a network,such as the Internet. In one embodiment, client 102 may include one ormore computer or data processing devices that have hardware (e.g., oneor more processors, storage memory, data buses, network interface,etc.), software (e.g., web browsers, application programs, operatingsystems, other executable program code written in any known programminglanguage such as PL/SQL, AJAX, XML, JavaScript™, C, C++, Java™, etc.),and/or firmware (e.g., software embedded in a hardware device). Client102 may be configured to access one or more Web pages at one or more Websites maintained on one or more server computer systems over network103. A user may operate client 102 to perform functions consistent withcertain embodiments of the disclosed invention. Further, in certainembodiments, client 102 may access one or more servers (e.g., server104) via network 103, and in some instances, do so through a securedlayer, such as firewall 115, as shown in FIG. 1 via the dotted lineextending from client 102 in network 103 to firewall 115.

Developer 120 may be one or more computer systems configured to sendrequests for information (e.g., content, application, data, programcode, etc.) and receive responses to the requests via network 103. Forexample, client 102 may be a desktop PC, a laptop PC, a PDA, a cellphone devices, or any other processor, computer, or device (or groupthereof) capable of requesting and receiving information over a network,such as the Internet. In one embodiment, client 102 may include one ormore computer or data processing devices that have hardware (e.g., oneor more processors, storage memory, data buses, network interface,etc.), software (e.g., web browsers, application programs, operatingsystems, other executable program code written in any known programminglanguage such as PL/SQL, AJAX, XML, JavaScript™, C, C++, Java™, etc.),and/or firmware (e.g., software embedded in a hardware device).Developer 120 may be configured to access one or more applicationsmaintained on one or more computer systems over network 103. In oneembodiment, a user, such as an application developer, may use developer120 to access database system 106 directly through network 103, as shownby the dotted line extending from developer 120 in network 103 todatabase system 106. Developer 120 may access database system 106 toperform one or more processes consistent with certain disclosedembodiments.

Network 103 may be any type of communication network configured totransmit information between distributed components of systemenvironment 100. Network 103 may be a wireless and/or wireline networkincluding one or more components (e.g., hardware, software, and/orfirmware) configured to receive, route, translate, and deliverinformation. For example, network 103 may be the Internet, an extranet,and Intranet, a Local Area Network, etc. and include infrastructure thatimplements the communication of information over these types ofnetworks, such as wireless/wireline base stations, transceivers, andrelated technology.

Server 104 may be one or more computers configured to receive requestsfor information over network 103 and provide information to componentsover network 103. For example, in one embodiment, server 104 may includeone or more computer or data processing devices that have hardware(e.g., processors, storage memory, data buses, network interface, etc.),software (e.g., application programs, operating systems, otherexecutable program code written in any known programming language suchas PL/SQL, AJAX, XML, JavaScript™, C, C++, Java™, etc.), and/or firmware(e.g., software embedded in a hardware device) that provide access toinformation stored and managed by database system 106. Server 104 may bea Web server that processes requests for information and providesinformation to client 102 over network 103. In other embodiments, server104 is configured as a Web server that receives one or more Web pagesincluding content from another component of system environment 100, suchas database system 106, and provides the received Web pages to arequesting client 102. For example, server 104 may be an APACHE serveror the like. In certain embodiments, server 104 may be configured not tofunction as a true application server. Instead, server 104 may beconfigured to function as an interface to access an application layerincluded in database system 106. Thus, in certain embodiments, software,algorithms, web rendering logic, data, etc. used to provide applicationsmay reside in the database system 106, and not with server 104. Server104 may be configured to receive requests related to an application,forward the requests to database system 106, and receive application orapplication-related information from database system 106. Among otherthings, this exemplary configuration may help eliminate latency problemsinherent in conventional n-tier architectures that employ applicationservers external to a database system.

Although FIG. 1 shows server 104, developer 120, and client 102 asseparate entities, the disclosed embodiments may implement singlecomputer systems that operate as a client, developer, and a servercomputer system, or any combination thereof.

Database system 106 may be one or more computers that are configured toprovide database management and application server processes. Databasesystem 106 may be connected to server 104 over a communication network105, which may be any type of wireline and/or wireless communicationnetwork or data link, such as a LAN, WAN, or other type of connection.Further, database system 106 may communicate with server 104 via network103. In one embodiment, database system 106 may be configured to receiverequests for information (e.g., content, application, data, programcode, etc.) and provide responses to the requests. For example, databasesystem 106 may be a mainframe, a server computer, a desktop PC, a laptopPC, a PDA, a cell phone device, or any other processor, computer, ordevice (or group thereof) capable of receiving requests for informationfrom server 104 and delivering response to the requests to server 104.In one embodiment, database system 106 may include one or more computeror data processing devices that have hardware (e.g., one or moreprocessors, storage memory, data buses, network interface, etc.),software (e.g., application programs, database program code, and otherexecutable program code written in any known programming language suchas PL/SQL, AJAX, HTML, JavaScript™, C, C++, Java™, SQL, etc.), and/orfirmware (e.g., software embedded in a hardware device).

In accordance with certain embodiments, database system 106 may includea database system module 107 and application server module 108. Databasesystem module 107 may be software, hardware, and/or a combinationthereof, that is configured to provide database management functions,such as an Oracle® database. For example, database system module 107 mayinclude one or more storage devices, such as databases, that areconfigured to store data. The data may be configured in any type offormat, such as tables, arrays, database objects, etc. Further, databasesystem module 107 may further include software and/or hardware that isconfigured to manage the data in the storage devices, such as writing,reading, editing, deleting, etc. In one embodiment, database systemmodule 107 may include software executed by a processor that providesData Manipulation Language (DML) features, which is a family of computerlanguages used by computer programs or database users to retrieve,insert, delete and update data in a database. For example, databasesystem module 107 may implement SQL, which is the DML for Oracle®databases, and provide commands to manipulate data within existingdatabase objects, such as SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE commands.

As indicated, database system 106 may also include application servermodule 108. This module may be hardware and/or software that isconfigured to provide application services and security features fordatabase system 106. For example, application server module 108 mayinclude software that is executed by a processor to create Web-basedapplications that create Web content rendered in Web pages that areprovided to server 104 for delivery to client 102. In certainembodiments, server 104 may send a request for information to databasesystem 106, which is processed by application server module 108. Module108 may perform security operations to ensure only authenticated usersreceive information. Further, application server module 108 may performprocesses that determine the type of information requested, issuerequests for specific data to database system module 107, receive therequested data, create and render Web content and Web pages based on thereceived data, and deliver the Web content and/or Web page(s) to server104 or developer 120.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary framework 200 that provides flexibility indeveloping applications and providing applications to users, as well asensuring the security of code and data in doing so. In one embodiment,framework 200 is included in database system 106. Framework 200 mayinclude one or more software components that enable Web pages to bebuilt securely and quickly while maintaining a consistent look and feelof an application. In one embodiment, framework 200 implements softwarethat provides user authentication and validation, Web pages andWeb-level security, application administrative features, interfaces forimplementing pre-built applications that are pluggable into framework200 for rendering application Web content, and user activity monitoringfunctionalities.

In one embodiment, the software components of framework 200 may beconfigured in a multi-layer scheme. For example, framework 200 mayinclude vertical component layers 202, 204, 206, and 208, that reflectdifferent layers of security and functionality of database system 106.

In one example, vertical layer 202 may reflect a database andapplication Web access layer that includes security component 230.Security layer 202 represents database login and other security featuresthat manage, control, and process user requests for information providedby database system module 107. Layer 202 may be a controlled singlepoint of entry to database system 106. In one embodiment, layer 202 doesnot have direct access to any database tables or data. Instead, layer202 may be configured only to execute one or more software packagesimplemented in layer 204. Thus, in these embodiments, layer 204 may onlybe accessed through security layer 202.

Layer 204 represents a Web application layer 204 that provides Webcontent and application renderings software packages for creating Webapplications and pages for delivery to server 104 via layer 202. In oneembodiment, layer 204 may be configured to generate Web pages from oneor more software packages, such as Oracle® database packages, that arecreated to provide consistent look and feel while enforcing applicationsecurity. In one embodiment, one or more of the software packages may beexecuted by layer 202.

Layer 206 represents a database table layer 206 that provides databasetables and software packages for processing DML commands and otherdatabase access operations. In one aspect of the disclosed embodiments,database table layer 206 provides software components for processingrequests for data from Web application layer 204 for generating anddeveloping Web applications and content. In certain embodiments,database system 106 insulates layer 206 from Web access by controllingaccess to this layer through Web application layer 204. Thus, in certainembodiments, access to layer 206 may be performed only by executing oneor more software packages in layer 204, via security layer 202.

Layer 208 represents an external transaction layer 208 that providessoftware components for processing data received from external sources,such as data warehouse acquisition processes of Extracting, Transforming(or Transporting) and Loading (ETL) data from source systems intodatabase system 106.

Framework 200 may also include horizontal layers 210 and 212 thatimplement control over information used to develop and buildapplications that may use content, such as text, graphics,multimedia-based information, etc. For example, layer 210 may reflect anapplications layer that include software components configured toprovide custom built applications and customizable pre-built Webapplications used to provide information to server 104. Authorized users(e.g., developers) and software code, may access and use softwarecomponents in the applications layer 210 to develop applications. Layer212 may reflect a core interface layer 212 that includes softwarecomponents that provide non-customizable core database objects andsoftware packages that may include proprietary data and code. The dataand software provided in core interface layer 212 may be encrypted orotherwise protected and accessible only to authorized users or programs,such as a superuser, administrator, or other designated user(s) orsoftware process(es). In one embodiment, information residing in thecore interface layer 212 are insulated and secure than the informationprovided in applications layer 210. For instance, core interface layer212 may include information protected by additional security mechanisms,such as encryption, database access control processes, or the like.Thus, in certain embodiments, layer 210 may be used for building customapplications using software modules in layer 212 that are configured toperform Web rendering operations (e.g., generating content for displayon a Web page, etc.).

In certain embodiments, one or more software components of framework 200may be associated with either database system module 107, applicationserver module 108, or both. For example, the software componentsresiding in security layer 202 and/or Web application layer 204 may beassociated with application server module 108 and the softwarecomponents residing in database table layer 206 may be associated withdatabase system module 107. Alternatively, one or more softwarecomponents residing in Web application layer 204 may be associated withboth application server module 108 and database system module 107.

Collectively, the software components of framework 200 communicate witheach other in certain fashions to maintain security and logicalseparation between the different layers 202-212. In one embodiment,database system 106 may maintain user accounts including securityprofiles for the users reflecting access privileges to applications andinformation for each user. Each application user account may have one ormore privileges to run Web-based applications by executing one or moreWeb software packages provided by one or more software components in Webapplication layer 204. Those Web software packages communicate with, forexample, DML software packages provided by database table layer 206 toprovide database table access and modifications for rendering Webcontent and Web pages by Web application layer 204. Thus, for example,when client 102 requests access to an application provided by databasesystem 106, browser software executing in client 102 may contact server104, which in turn communicates with database system 106 as anapplication user. This communication session is recognized by databasesystem 106 as an application user with certain privileges defined inthat application user's account.

As shown in FIG. 2, in one embodiment, framework 200 may include asecurity component 230 that resides in both the security layer 202 andapplications layer 210. Security component 230 may include information,such as synonyms, references, etc., that point to software in layer 204.This information, when processed by a processor, provide securitymechanisms for controlling access to data and application software forWeb applications provided by database system 106. In one embodiment,security component 230 executes code that processes received accessrequests from server 104 or developer 120, such as performing loginprocesses for identifying valid users based on stored user accountinformation. A “user” may be considered software code (e.g., softwareapplication), and/or an individual or entity using a computer, such asclient 102 or developer 120.

Application server component 232 resides in both the Web applicationlayer 204 and applications layer 210 and reflects software that isexecuted by a processor for providing custom built and customizablepre-built software for providing Web applications. Exemplary softwareincluded in application server component may include directoryapplications, information for assisting the development of applications(e.g., help information), home Web page applications, and useradministration applications for generating user directory listings andproviding processes for creating and modifying user account information.Other software may be included in application server component 232consistent with the disclosed embodiments.

In one embodiment, database component 234 resides in both the databasetable layer 206 and application layer 210 and may reflect softwareexecuted by a processor in the form of custom built and customizablepre-built software packages for processing DML and utility commands. Forexample, database component 234 may include application data, DML, andutilities. Further, database component 234 may include a securitypackage that performs authentication access for user and Web pageauthentication, as well as other forms of security checking for datamaintained in one or more databases managed by database system module107. Database component 234 may also include DML software packages forretrieving user directory data and loading user profile information intothe database portions storing such information, as well as for any otherapplications built or may be built in component 232.

External application server component 236 may reside in the applicationlayer 210 and reflect software that is executed by a processor forhandling ETL processes for loading data into the database managed bydatabase system component 107.

Framework 200 may also include core application server component 240that resides in both Web application layer 204 and core interface layer212. In one embodiment, core application server component 240 mayreflect software that is executed by a processor for providing pre-builtand non-customizable software packages for developing, executing,building, etc. Web applications. These packages may be encrypted orotherwise protected for providing security to proprietary software codeused for Web application development and/or generating. In oneembodiment, core application server component 240 may include softwarethat define applications, Web page navigation trees, user accountprofiles and privileges, Web page and data field security features, andmeta data. Core application server component 240 may also includesoftware for providing HTML generation processes, such as customizingglobal variables used in software applications, procedures and functionsfor generating Web form elements, such as input fields check boxes, dropdown lists, etc., core application code and other types of features usedin building Web content for a Web page related to an application. In oneembodiment, core application server component 240 includes interfacesoftware that receives, and authenticates requests related toapplication server component 232 and/or database component 234.

Core data component 242 may reside in both database table layer 206 andcore layer 212 and reflects software executed by a processor forproviding pre-built and non-customizable software packages for handlingDML and utility commands and features consistent with the disclosedembodiments. For example, core data component 242 may include softwarepackages including DML procedures and functions for retrieving andloading administrator data, utility functions and procedures foradministrator users, packages for handling document uploads into thedatabase managed by database system module 107, procedures to recorderrors during application use, packages for interfaces user security toLDAP servers, security procedures and functions for authenticating auser and validating access to a requested application page, and othertypes of database management functions. Core data component 242 mayinclude interfaces that process requests from database components 234,application server component 232 , and core application server component240, for developing, accessing, and executing Web applicationsconsistent with the disclosed embodiments.

Accordingly, in accordance with certain disclosed embodiments, framework200 is configured to provide secure and logical separation betweencertain processes for developing, building, and executing Webapplications. In one example, using the multi-layered configuration offramework 200, proprietary information managed and by core layer 212 isprotected but accessible by authorized users and software components forbuilding Web applications for delivery to developer 120 or to client 102via server 104.

In another embodiment, database system 106 provides an applicationinterface to framework 200 that allows users to perform someadministrative tasks and application configurations tasks, such ascreating user profiles, adding lookup codes, and registering Web pages.The interfaces may be configured such that Web pages built within anapplication have similar look and feel (e.g., format,) to enable a user,such as a developer, to re-use features and Web content, such asheaders, hierarchy trees, footers, navigation buttons, etc., whendeveloping Web applications.

In one embodiment, the user interface may include an administrationsection that enables users to maintain certain software interfacemodules and customize them for specific applications. Thus, a user mayuse the administration section to create lookup codes, add usersaccounts, create profiles, etc.

As noted above, in accordance with certain disclosed embodiments, a usermay need a user account to access an application provided by databasesystem 106. Each user account also includes a profile that determinesthe user's access level to data and application content. A profiledetermines the level of access for the user, such as a developerprofile, system administrator, and consultant profiles. Each type ofprofile may provide different levels of access to information orsoftware. A developer may implement framework 200 and its applicationinterface to create user accounts and profiles. For example, a developermay create a user account by assigning a username and password to theaccount that is checked when the assigned user attempts to access orcreate an application via database system 106. Additionally, in oneembodiment, each user profile may include a privilege. Thus, a privilegemay be assigned as part of a profile, which in turn is assigned to auser account. In another embodiment, framework 200 allows user accountsto be assigned Web page and data field security that controls whichpages and data fields a user can access. Thus, a user account may beassigned access to only certain Web pages and data fields linked tocertain content on a given Web page.

As explained, certain aspects of the disclosed embodiments allow Webapplications to be built and created in more secure and scalabledistributed environment than conventional architectures. FIG. 3illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary application rendering processconsistent with certain disclosed embodiments.

Initially, client 102, or developer 120, may issue a request foraccessing a Web application to server 104 over network 103 (Step 305).Server 104 processes the request to determine that the client isrequesting access to an application managed by database system 106 (Step310). Server 104 then forwards the request to database system 106 (Step315).

In one embodiment, security layer 202 of framework 200 implemented bydatabase system 106 receives the requests and provides it to securitycomponent 230 for processing. Security component 230 may access securitydata in component 242 through application code in core applicationserver component 240 to identify the user based on user accountinformation maintained locally by security component (Step 320). If theuser is authenticated (e.g., determines that the user has a validaccount) (Step 325; Yes), processing continues to step 340. However, ifthe user is not authenticated (Step 325; No), security component 230 mayperform a logon process (Step 330). The logon process may includepresenting a query to the user for a logon identifier and password.Security component 230 may be configured to receive and validate theuser's response to the query. If validated (Step 325; Yes), the processcontinues to step 340. If, however, the user is not validated, securitycomponent 230 may perform a security measure that prevents the user fromaccessing information provided by database system 120, such as blockingaccess, generating and sending security messages to appropriateentities, etc. (Step 335).

At step 340, security component 230 may send the request and appropriateuser information to application server component 232, thus passingprocessing control over the request from security layer 202 to Webapplication layer 204. In response, application server component 232determines the user and identifies the application (and informationrelated to the application) requested by the user to catalogs the rightsand privileges of the user (Step 340). In one embodiment, applicationserver component 232 may use the interface to core application servercomponent to determine the rights of the user for accessing therequested application. In this instance, processing of the request mayinclude both application layer 210 and core interface layer 212. Inresponse, core application server component 240 may perform one or moreprocesses that access information related to the user's account, such asuser rights and privileges, to determine whether the user is allowedaccess to the requested application. Core application server component240 provides a response to application server component 232 indicatingwhether the user is allowed to access the application. If the request isnot valid (e.g., the user's account indicates that the user is notallowed to the requested application or some portion thereof),application server component 232 performs a security measure (Step 350).For example, application server component 232 may provide a messagethrough component 230 back to client 102 via server 104 indicating thatthe user is denied access to the requested application. Alternatively,or additionally, application server component 232 may generate an alarmthat is sent to one or more predetermined entities, such as anadministrator or software monitoring package that logs the user'sattempted access to the application. Other forms of security may beimplemented and the above examples are not intended to be limiting tothe disclosed embodiments.

If, on the other hand, the user's request is determined to be valid(Step 345; Yes), application server component 232 executes one or moreprocesses to build a Web page associated with the requested application.In another embodiment, or core application server component 240 mayexecute one or more of the processes to build the Web page associatedwith the requested application. In one embodiment, application servercomponent 232 (or component 240) may determine the type of informationto be rendered in the Web page. Depending on the requested application,application server component 232 (or component 240) may request andcollect information from pre-built or customized applications managed byapplication server component. Alternatively, application servercomponent 232 (or component 240) may request, collect, and/or executecertain non-customized or proprietary software packages or informationis needed to build the Web page. Thus, in one example, applicationserver component 232 (or component 240) may determine information, suchas a set of information, that identifies information needed forgenerating the Web content used in the requested application (step 355).

Application server component 232 may invoke a software procedure thatcreates a request for the identified information and sends the requestto database component 234. In response, database component 234 mayexecute a process that searches the database maintained by databasesystem module 107 to collect the specific information identified byapplication server component 232 (Step 360). In one embodiment, databasecomponent 234 may generate and execute DML and utility commands toaccesses the database to collect the information set using softwarepackages maintained in the application layer 210 database component 234.

Alternatively, or additionally, database component 234 may determinethat additional information or software packages managed by core datacomponent 242 is required. As a result, database component 234 may usethe interface to core data component 242 to invoke software packagesexecuted by that component to collect information for building the Webpage associated with the requested application.

Alternatively, application server component 232 may provide a request tocore data component 242 for information based on whether the informationis processed and managed by core layer 212 or application layer 210.Core data component 242 may provide the requested information todatabase component 234 and/or application server component 232.

In accordance with certain embodiments, a customized or customizableapplication may reflect an application that may be modified by anauthorized user to fit particular needs and specifications usingpredetermined and pre-built application software packages maintained andmanaged by framework 200. Further, a non-customizable application ordatabase objects may reflect software applications or objects thatcannot be manipulated by a user accessing database system 106 forbuilding Web pages or applications. However, in certain embodiments,non-customizable application software and database objects may be usedby certain authorized users or software packages executed by applicationlayer software components to assist in generating and building Webapplications. These authorized users or software packages may beassigned an appropriate authority, such as a database administrator orother designated personnel.

Once the data set is collected, application server component 232 and/orcore application server component 240 in layer 204 may generate Webcontent (e.g., information such as graphics, text, multimedia data,etc.) (Step 365). Layer 204 may then generate an application Web pagebased on the generated Web content (Step 370). In certain embodiments,layer 204 may generate the Web page based on at least one applicationWeb page template that provides a predetermined format for at least oneportion of the Web page. The at least one application Web page templatemay provide information that allows layer 204 to generate a Web pagewith consistent look and feel each time the Web page with particularcontent is being rendered.

Once the Web page is generated, layer 204 may provide the generated Webpage to layer 202. In turn, layer 202 may then provide the generated Webpage to server 104 (Step 375). Server 104 may then provide the Web pageto client 102 through network 103 (Step 380).

As described, database system 106 is configured with framework 200 tocontrol the access to data used to generate Web pages containing contentfor users. Methods and systems consistent with the disclosed embodimentsalso enable a user or software to develop Web applications usingframework 200. FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplaryapplication creating process consistent with certain disclosedembodiments.

Initially, an authorized user, such as a developer, using developer 120,with a user profile authorizing application development, issues arequest to database system 106 for building an application (Step 405).In response, server 104 processes the request to determine that the useris requesting access to database system 106 for building an application(Step 410). Server 104 then forwards the request to database system 106(Step 415).

In one embodiment, security layer 202 of framework 200 implemented bydatabase system 106 receives the requests and provides it to securitycomponent 230 for processing. Security component 230, through softwarepackages executed by modules in layers 204 and/or 206, such as thoseexecuted by modules 232, 234, 240, and/or 242, may identify the userbased on user account information maintained locally by securitycomponent (Step 420). If the user is authenticated (e.g., does the userhave a valid account) (Step 425; Yes), processing continues to step 440.However, if the user is not authenticated (Step 425; No), securitycomponent 230 may perform a logon process (Step 430). The logon processmay include presenting a query to the user for a logon identifier andpassword. Security component is configured to receive and validate theuser's response to the query. If validated, the process continues tostep 440. If, however, the user is not validated, security component mayperform a security measure that prevents the user from accessinginformation provided by database system 120, such as blocking access,generating and sending security messages to appropriate entities, etc.(Step 435).

At step 440, security component 230 may send the request and appropriateuser information to application server component 232, thus passingprocessing control over the request from security layer 202 to Webapplication layer 204. In response, the user may implement software inapplication server component 232 to create an application renderingsoftware package that performs one or more of the Web applicationbuilding processes described above in connection with FIG. 3. Once therendering package is created, the user may create a reference to the newapplication rendering package in the security component 230 to allowsubsequent accesses to the application to be identified by securitycomponent 230 (Step 445).

Once the rendering package and reference are created, the user maycreate a database software package in database component 234 thatincludes application DML and utility commands and any tables that willbe used by the application under development (Step 450). Once completed,the user may also create a reference to the database package inapplication server component 232 for subsequent access by component 232when rendering Web content for the application (Step 460).

The user may then register the new application with database system 106and assign one or more privileges to the new application (Step 465). Forexample, the user may assign the new application with one or moreprivileges that limit the type of content to be rendered to a requestinguser. Also, the user may assign one or more Web pages that will becalled from a requesting user's browser when the application isrequested (Step 470). Further, the user may assign one or moreprivileges to one or more data fields in the Web pages that are assignedto the new application (Step 475). Once completed, the created softwarepackages are maintained and managed by framework 200 for subsequentexecution when the new application is requested by a user accessingdatabase system 106 via server 104.

Accordingly, methods and systems consistent with the disclosedembodiments implement a multi-tier architecture that uses a multi-layerframework 200 for providing security measures and Web page renderingprocesses local to database system 106. The unique framework 200provides a configuration to allow the Web page application to be createdin a secure manner without compromising proprietary informationmaintained by core layer 212.

Methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with certainaspects of the present invention provide a multi-tier distributed systemthat addresses the inherent problems with traditional ‘n-tier’applications that consist of a database server, an application server,and a client. These problems include high network data load between thedatabase and application server, the latency between obtaining access tothe application server, sending requests to the database, retrievingdata and sending back the data to the application server, thenformatting the required data to return to the browser, and recoveryproblems based on that application servers are generally not included inthe backup and recovery plans often afforded to the database server. Forinstance, certain embodiments provide features that consolidate physicalservers into one physical server, yet retain the logical separation andfunctionality, while ensuring data insulation and security. For example,methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with certainaspects of the present invention provide a multi-tier distributed systemthat allows a database system to provide both database and applicationserver functionalities that determine locally the type of information(e.g., data, content, etc.) used for creating a Web application based onuser privileges processed at the database system, as opposed to, forexample, transmitting data between a database system and a remoteapplication server over a network for remote Web content rendering.

Further, methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent withcertain aspects of the present invention provide a multi-tierdistributed system that provides secure access to data through thevertical and horizontal layers of framework 200. For example, a userthat gains unauthorized access to server 104 and eventually Web accesslayer 202 may be prevented from gaining access to data and codemaintained by database system 106. For instance, in certain embodiments,the secured configuration of framework 200 enables layer 204 to enforceapplication security at layer 204. Thus, the security featuresimplemented by layer 204 may prevent unauthorized access to its layerand layer 206. Further, layer 206's security features provide anotherlevel of security as access to this layer is only performed by executingpackages in layer 204.

For example, FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of an exemplary process forproviding an application Web page using framework 200 consistent withcertain disclosed embodiments. As shown, a first layer of framework 200(e.g., layer 202) may receive a request for an application from somerequesting entity (e.g., server 104, developer 120, etc.) (Step 510).Consequently, the first layer may execute software in a second layer(e.g., layer 204) to authenticate the request to determine whether therequesting entity is allowed access to the Web application (Step 520).If the request is authenticated, the second layer may execute softwarein a third layer of the framework (e.g., layer 206) to access data thatis used to generate a Web page related to the Web application (Step530). The third layer provides the data to the second layer. The secondlayer may then generate the Web page using, for example, the data (Step540). The second layer may use other information to build the Web page,such as template information that provides a consistent look and feelfor the Web page related to the Web application. The second layer maythen provide the generated Web page to the first layer (Step 550). Oncereceived, the first layer may then provide the generated Web page to therequesting entity (Step 560).

Accordingly, the exemplary process of FIG. 5 describes one aspect of thedisclosed embodiments that demonstrate the efficiencies and securitiesfeatures offered by the multi-layered framework 200 in providing Webapplications. For example, by generating the Web page at the databasesystem 106, there is reduced latency on network communications involvingnetwork server 104. Moreover, the logical separation of layers preventsthe first layer of the framework to have direct access to data relatedto requested Web applications, thus improving security is offered ifthere is unauthorized access to server 104 and/or the first layer offramework 200.

Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art fromconsideration of the specification and practice of the exemplarydisclosed embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. For example,the process and sequence of steps shown in the figures are not limitedto the sequence described therein. Variations of these sequences, suchas the reordering, removal and/or the addition of other steps may beimplemented without departing from the scope of the embodiments of thepresent invention. Also, although FIG. 1 shows a single database system106, the disclosed embodiments may implement multiple database systems106 that are distributed among network 103 or other communicationnetwork and collaborate to perform one or more processes consistent withthe disclosed embodiments.

Further, although FIG. 2 shows framework 200 with a certain number oflayers and software components, additional or fewer layers or componentsmay be implemented by the disclosed embodiments. For example, in oneembodiment, framework 200 may include a custom application componentthat allows a user (e.g., developer) to customize values for one or moreparameters for use throughout the application. For example, the customapplication component may allow a user to input values for applicationname, application logo, a company name, company address, or any othertype of information that may be used in a Web page. In one embodiment, auser, such as a developer, may access the custom application componentthrough security component 230 and possibly other layers, such as layer204 to input variables for application parameters. Further, in certainembodiments, the custom application may reside in a different horizontallayer than those layers 210 and 212. In another embodiment, the customapplication component may reside in one of the vertical layers 204, 206,208, or a different vertical layer within framework 200. For example, asshown in FIG. 6, framework 200 may include a CS-custom applicationcomponent 260 that resides in horizontal layer 214 and vertical layer206. Alternatively, component 260 may reside in horizontal layer 210 andvertical layer 206. In other embodiments, the software that enables thecustom application variables to be used by a user may be coded in one ofthe other components of framework 200, such as core data component 242or database component 234.

The disclosed embodiments may be implemented in various environments.Such environments may be specially constructed for performing thevarious processes and operations of embodiments of the invention or theymay include a general purpose computer or computing platform selectivelyactivated or reconfigured by program code to provide the necessaryfunctionality. The exemplary methods of the disclosed embodiments arenot inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus,and aspects of these processes may be implemented by a suitablecombination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, variousgeneral purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordancewith certain embodiments of the invention, or may be implemented using aspecialized apparatus or system to perform one or more processesconsistent with the disclosed embodiments.

The disclosed embodiments may also relate to program instructions orprogram code stored on computer readable media for performing variouscomputer-implemented operations. The program instructions or code may bespecially designed and constructed for the purposes of the disclosedembodiments, or they may be of the kind well-known and available tothose having skill in the computer software arts. Examples of programinstructions and code include, for instance, machine code, such asproduced by a compiler, files containing a high level code that can beexecuted by the computer using an interpreter, and any other type ofcomputer instruction that may be executed by a processor, or programlogic.

The storage media referred to herein may reflect elements thattemporarily or permanently store data and instructions. The storagefunctions associated with the disclosed embodiments may be implementedvia a computer, portions of a computer, a processor, a computer network,and any other component and medium capable of storing information. Forexample, various types of storage media may be used to store informationassociated with the embodiments of the present invention, such asread-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), and any other typeof memory. Further, the storage functions associated with the disclosedembodiments may be physically implemented by computer-readable media,such as, for example (a) magnetic media (e.g., a magnetic disk, a tapedrive, etc.; (b) optical media, (e.g., a CD-ROM, digital versatile disk(DVD), a mini-disc, etc.); and (c) semiconductor or other media (e.g.,DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, etc.).

Further, the disclosed embodiments may be implemented using varioustypes of transmission protocols and data formats, such as, for example,transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), hyper texttransfer protocol (HTTP), secure HTTP, wireless application protocol(WAP), hyper text markup language (HTML), extensible markup language(XML), Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), etc.

1. A system for providing Web applications, comprising: a clientconfigured to provide a request related to a Web application; a serverconfigured to operate as an interface to receive the request related tothe Web application and forward the request; and a database systemconfigured to receive the request for the Web application from theserver and including: a database system module configured to performdatabase processes for processing database commands for accessing andmanipulating data stored in a database, and an application server moduleconfigured to perform application server processes that authenticate therequest from the client related to the Web application, issue one ormore requests to the database system module for specific data forbuilding a Web page associated with the requested Web application, buildthe Web page based on the specific data, and send the built Web page tothe server for delivery to the server.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinthe application server module includes a framework logically arranged toprovide layers of software modules including a first software moduleincluded in a first layer that authenticates the request from the clientby executing software in a second software module included in a secondlayer.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first software moduleauthenticates the request from the client by executing software in athird software module included in a third layer.
 4. The system of claim1, wherein the application server module includes a framework ofsoftware modules logically arranged in layers to provide secured accessto the specific data in the database system module.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the application server module includes a framework ofmodules logically arranged in layers, the layers including a first layerthat processes the request from the client, and a second layer thatretrieves the specific data from the database system module to build theWeb page and provides the built Web page to the first layer for deliveryto the client.
 6. A system for providing Web applications, comprising: adeveloper configured to provide a request related to a Web application;a database system configured to receive the request for the Webapplication from the developer and including: a database system moduleconfigured to perform database processes for processing databasecommands for accessing and manipulating data stored in a database, andan application server module configured to perform application serverprocesses that authenticate the request from the developer related tothe Web application, issue one or more requests to the database systemmodule for specific data used by the developer to create information fora Web page associated with the requested Web application, and to buildthe Web page based on the created information.
 7. The system of claim 6,wherein the application server module includes a framework logicallyarranged to provide layers of software modules including a firstsoftware module included in a first layer that authenticates the requestfrom the developer by executing software in a second software moduleincluded in a second layer.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein theapplication server module includes a framework of modules logicallyarranged in layers, the layers including a first layer that processesthe request from the developer, and a second layer that retrieves thespecific data from the database system module used by the developer tocreate information for a Web page associated with the requested Webapplication, and provides the built Web page to the first layer fordelivery to the developer.
 9. A method for providing Web applications,comprising: receiving a request related to a Web application; forwardingthe request to a database system configured with a database systemmodule including a database system module configured to perform databaseprocesses for processing database commands for accessing data stored ina database, and an application server module including a framework ofsoftware modules logically configured in layers; requesting, by a firstlayer of the framework, authentication of the request; determining, by asecond layer of the framework, whether the request is valid based on therequest from the first layer; retrieving, by the second layer, specificdata from a third layer of the framework that is used to generateinformation related to the requested Web application; generating, by thesecond layer, a document related to the Web application based on thegenerated information; providing, by the second layer, the generateddocument to the first layer; and providing, by the first layer, thegenerated document.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein retrieving, bythe second layer, data from the third layer of the framework includes:executing, by the second layer, software in the third layer thataccesses the specific data from the database.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein requesting, by the first layer of the framework, authenticationof the request includes: executing, by the first layer, software in thesecond layer to authenticate the request related to the Web application.12. The method of claim 9, wherein generating, by the second layer, adocument related to the Web application based on the generatedinformation includes: generating an application Web page based onsoftware included in the third layer.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein generating the application Web page includes: generating theapplication Web page based on at least one application Web page templatethat provides a predetermined format for at least one portion of theapplication Web page.
 14. A system for providing Web applications,comprising: a database system that receives a request from a userrelated to a Web application and is configured with a database systemmodule including a database system module configured to perform databaseprocesses for processing database commands for accessing data stored ina database, and an application server module including a framework ofsoftware modules logically configured in layers, the frameworkincluding: a first layer that authenticates the request by executingsoftware on a second layer of the framework, wherein the second layer isconfigured to retrieve specific data from a third layer of the frameworkthat is used to generate information related to the Web application,generate a document related to the Web application based on thegenerated information, and provide the generated document to the firstlayer, and wherein the first layer is configured to provide thegenerated document to the user.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein thesecond layer is configured to retrieve data from the third layer of theframework by executing software in the third layer that accesses thespecific data from the database.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein thedocument is an application Web page and the second layer generates theapplication Web page by executing software in the third layer.
 17. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the second layer generates the applicationWeb page based on at least one application Web page template thatprovides a predetermined format for at least one portion of theapplication Web page.
 18. A method for providing Web applications,comprising: receiving a request to provide an application creating anapplication software package in an application server componentassociated with (i) an application layer of a framework that isconfigured to provide software components that, when executed by aprocessor, perform processes for accessing predetermined Webapplications and building a first type of Web applications, and (ii) acore layer of the framework that is configured to provide softwarecomponents that, when executed by a processor, perform processes forproviding a second type of Web application software that is secured frommodification and accessible by authorized application layer softwarecomponents to assist in building the first type of Web applications;creating a reference to the application rendering package in a securitycomponent associated with the application layer of the framework;creating a database software package that is configured to, whenexecuted by a processor, perform one or more database managementcommands for accessing a database, and at least one database table,wherein the database software package is created in a database componentassociated with the application layer and core layer of the framework;creating a reference to the database software package in the applicationserver component; assigning one or more privileges to the application;assigning one or more Web pages that are related to the application; andassigning one or more privileges to one or more data fields associatedwith the application that control access to the one or more data fields.19. A framework associated with a database system for providing Webapplications, comprising: an application layer configured to providesoftware components that, when executed by a processor, performprocesses for accessing predetermined Web applications and building afirst type of Web applications, wherein the application layer includes:a security software component that provides front-end security processesfor authenticating requests related to Web applications maintained bythe framework, an application server component that provides applicationserver functions for building Web applications in response to therequests authenticated by the security software component, a databasesoftware component that provides back-end database access andmanipulation processes for providing data stored in a database and usedby the application server software component in building the Webapplications; and a core layer configured to provide software componentsthat, when executed by a processor, perform processes for providing asecond type of Web application software that is secured frommodification and accessible by authorized application layer softwarecomponents to assist in building the first type of Web applications,wherein the core layer includes: a core application server componentincluding secure software packages for generating data fields in the Webapplication being built by the application server component, and a coredata component including secure software packages for accessing securedata stored in the database, wherein the security component is alsoincluded in a security layer, the application server component and coreapplication server component are included in a Web application layer,and the database component and core data component are also included ina database table layer of the framework.
 20. The framework of claim 19,further including: a custom application component that allows a user toinput values for parameters related to a Web application, the customapplication component included in one of (a) the database table layer,or (b) a custom application layer.
 21. A system for providingapplications, comprising: a computer system that receives a requestrelated to an application; and a database system including a databaseand an application server module, the database system including aframework of software modules logically arranged to provide controlledaccess to data in the database, the application server module using thedata to generate content to generate a Web page related to theapplication, wherein the software modules are logically arranged inlayers such that access to data or software in a software module of onelayer is performed by executing software in another software module ofanother layer.